Hasirci, V. (2014). Micro-and nano-modified surfaces for better polymeric implants. Future Medicine, 30-42. DOI: 10.4155/ebo.13.680

This chapter explains the difference between the bulk and surface properties of implants, and why they are important, and therefore, have to be modified. Some examples from the plant world on how surface decorations influence surface hydrophobicity and thus water repellence are given to indicate the relation between implant surface properties, and cell and tissue adhesion. The methods of surface modification through creation of micro- and nano-sized physical and chemical patterns are then briefly mentioned, along with how studies on very small areas can be transferred to the real world of implants. The way cells attach is the other important parameter in the cell–material interactions. The effect of cell–substrate interactions on the behavior and properties of the cells such as bending, proliferation rate, the differentiation path and deformation of nuclei are the final critical issues discussed.