Sarasati, A., Wihadmadyatami, H., Hasirci, V., Ana, I. D. (2026). In vitro assessment of cellular interaction and trans-buccal permeability of exosome-functionalized carbonate apatite nanoparticles as a potential mucosal adjuvant. Regenerative Engineering and Translational Medicine, 1-14.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40883-026-00559-5

This study developed and evaluated exosome-functionalized carbonate apatite (CHA-EXO) nanoparticles as a novel type of mucosal vaccine adjuvant. Using oral epithelial and immune cells for in vitro studies, the nanoparticles showed excellent compatibility, enhanced cellular uptake, and balanced immune activation without inducing excessive inflammation. A fibronectin-coated nanofibrous PLA mesh was further established to mimic the oral mucosal barrier, revealing that CHA-EXO nanoparticles can effectively traverse epithelial layers. Collectively, these findings suggest that CHA-EXO hold strong potential as a safe and efficient delivery platform for future oral mucosal vaccines.